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- $Unique_ID{USH00256}
- $Pretitle{19}
- $Title{United States History 1600-1987
- Chapter VIII World War II}
- $Subtitle{}
- $Author{Immigration and Naturalization Service}
- $Affiliation{US Department of Justice}
- $Subject{war
- world
- japan
- countries
- allies
- germany
- ii
- help
- allied
- britain}
- $Volume{M-288}
- $Date{1987}
- $Log{}
- Book: United States History 1600-1987
- Author: Immigration and Naturalization Service
- Affiliation: US Department of Justice
- Volume: M-288
- Date: 1987
-
- Chapter VIII World War II
-
- Beginning of World War II
-
- The U.S., as in World War I, did not want to be involved in Europe's
- problems. Congress passed Neutrality Acts in 1935, 1936 and 1937, before the
- war started. These acts said that if a foreign war began, there would be no
- sale of war goods, no loans and no Americans sailing on ships of those
- fighting in the war. The U.S. desire to stay out of war was even more
- important than maintaining freedom of the seas. Freedom of the seas always
- had been an important part of rights of neutral countries, and it was the
- reason the U.S. had fought World War I. As in World War I, however, the U.S.
- tried to help the countries with whom it sympathized. When Japan invaded
- China in 1937, the U.S. did not recognize it as a war. This made it possible
- for the U.S. to continue to supply weapons to China, a long-time U.S. friend.
-
- The war in Europe officially began on September 1, 1939, when Adolf
- Hitler ordered the German army to invade Poland. The countries which fought
- with Germany were called the Axis. The main Axis countries were Germany,
- Italy and Japan. The Allied countries opposed them. At first it was only
- France and England, but later the Soviet Union, the U.S. and other smaller
- countries joined the Allies. The U.S. did not join when the war began. In
- 1939, another Neutrality Act was passed by Congress. This act allowed
- countries fighting in the war to buy war goods from the U.S. as long as the
- country paid cash for the items and picked up the goods itself. Since only
- France and England were able to do this, it meant help for them without
- violating U.S. neutrality.
-
- France was quickly defeated by Germany, and by June 1940, England stood
- alone against the Axis. Public opinion in the U.S. began to favor
- intervention, though perhaps not militarily, to help the Allies. Congress
- passed the Selective Service Act in 1940, enabling the government to start
- drafting men into the army. Substantial help to England began in 1941, with
- the start of lend-lease. Though Britain had been buying war goods from the
- U.S., Britain was beginning to run out of money. The U.S. still wanted to
- help Britain, however, so it decided to lend or lease the needed items to
- Britain. The items would be returned when the war was over. Lend-lease
- showed everyone that the U.S. clearly favored the Allies. When the U.S.
- stopped shipments of war materials to Japan, it was clear that the U.S. sided
- with the Allies.
-
- Pearl Harbor
-
- On Sunday, December 7, 1941, the Japanese conducted a surprise attack on
- Pearl Harbor, in Hawaii. President Roosevelt called it the day "which will
- live in infamy." He was right. The next day Congress declared war on Japan.
- Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S. a few days later. Since the Soviet
- Union had joined the Allies earlier in 1941, the Allied camp now had three
- strong powers: Great Britain, the U.S. and the Soviet Union.
-
- Fighting the War against Germany
-
- The Allied powers met to discuss how they could defeat Germany and Japan.
- They decided that they would concentrate first on defeating Germany and then
- Japan. Germany was too strong to attack on the Western Front, in France.
- Instead, the Allies decided to attack through German-held northern Africa and
- up through Italy, Hitler's ally. At the same time, the British, with some
- help from the Americans, were bombing heavily military and industrial targets
- in Germany. The Soviets launched a counteroffensive against Hitler's invasion
- of the Soviet Union which ultimately was successful in pushing back the German
- troops. However, many men were killed. By September 1943, Italy had
- surrendered unconditionally. The Soviets repeatedly asked for a second front
- in Europe to help get rid of some of the German troops from the Soviet Union.
- The other Allied leaders recognized how important this was, since the Soviets
- were losing so many men.
-
- D-Day
-
- In June 1944, the Allies launched the famous D-Day invasion at Normandy,
- France. United States General Dwight D. (Ike) Eisenhower led the
- multinational Allied troops to victory. (He was to become a two-term
- President during the 1950's.) This daring and successful invasion helped
- defeat Hitler. By early May 1945, Germany had surrendered unconditionally.
-
- Fighting the War against Japan
-
- The war against Japan started less successfully than the war in Europe
- had. Japan quickly and easily had captured the Philippines, Malay States,
- Dutch East Indies and had moved toward Australia. Only a few Americans were
- fighting there but they were being helped by the Chinese and Australians. In
- May and June, 1942, in the Battles of the Coral Sea and Midway, the Allied
- forces inflicted major damage on or defeated Japanese fighters. The battle in
- the Pacific was difficult but the Allies slowly made progress. The hero in
- the Pacific was General Douglas A. MacArthur. Having been forced once to
- retreat, he slowly came back to the Philippines. He was an inspiration both
- to his soldiers and to the people in the conquered islands. Even when faced
- with ultimate defeat by the stronger Allied navy, the Japanese refused to
- surrender unconditionally. The new President, Harry S. Truman (Roosevelt had
- died), decided to use the powerful atomic bomb developed secretly in the U.S.
- to try to convince Japan to surrender.
-
- Hiroshima and Nagasaki
-
- The first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, on August 6, 1945.
- In spite of vast casualties (70,000 believed to be dead), the Japanese still
- did not surrender. A second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki on August 9,
- 1945. Japan could take no more, and surrendered on August 10. World War II
- was ended. The Allies had won again.
-
- Effects of the War
-
- World War II was even more of a total war than World War I had been
- because the scope was much larger. In Europe and Japan, industrial and
- population centers were bombed as well as military targets. The economies of
- all the countries involved were organized for the sole purpose of providing
- the necessary goods to fight the war. Consumer goods such as butter and
- gasoline were rationed. Wages were high, however, so people saved their
- money, investing in the war effort by buying government bonds. The U.S.
- government borrowed billions of dollars to help pay for planes, tanks and
- bullets. Everyone went to work. With 15 million people serving in the U.S.
- armed forces, women, teenagers, and retired people all went to work in the
- factories to help increase production. Some women developed an interest in
- working outside the home, and continued to do so after the war. The need for
- a large and dependable work force also helped prompt the federal government to
- take its first steps in support of civil rights. It declared that defense
- industries could not discriminate in hiring on the basis of "race, creed,
- color or national origin." The civilian involvement was significant. But
- what best shows the totality of the war is that more than 22 million people
- died, and more than 34 million were wounded. More than one million Americans
- were killed or wounded. The world was at peace again, but at a terrible
- price.
-
- Germany, Italy and Japan suffered nearly complete defeat. Great Britain
- and France lost large parts of their empires and were no longer leading world
- powers. The United States and the Soviet Union became the two major powers.
-
- World War II - Review Questions
-
- 1. What word best describes U.S. foreign policy at the beginning of World
- War II?
-
- 2. Name one of the major countries which fought for the Axis countries in
- World War II.
-
- 3. Name one of the major countries which fought for the Allies in World
- War II.
-
- 4. What important event took place at Pearl Harbor in 1941?
-
- 5. What happened on D-Day in June 1944?
-
- 6. What important event took place at Hiroshima, Japan, in 1945?
-
- 7. Did the Axis countries or Allies win World War II?
-
- 8. Which two countries became the major powers after World War II?
-